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Category Archives: Civil War centennial

Ulysses S. Grant III, 1881-1968

29 Wednesday Aug 2018

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Governors Island, Those we remember, Ulysses S. Grant (General and President), Ulysses S. Grant III, Winfield Scott Hancock

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Ulysses S. Grant III died fifty years ssgo today. To put his long life in some perspective: Grant was present at Mount McGregor when his grandfather died in July 1885; graduated with Douglas MacArthur in the West Point Class of 1903; worked as a White House aid in the Theodore Roosevelt Administration; married Secretary of State Elihu Root’s daughter in 1907; served in the Pacific and Caribbean during the Philippine and Cuban Insurrections, at Veracruz and on the Mexican Border during the Punitive Expedition, in France during the Great War, and in Paris after the Armistice where he helped write the Treaty of Versailles. All before his fortieth birthday.

The 1907 Root-Grant wedding was a major event in Washington society and covered by newspapers across the country.

A few weeks ago at the Tomb I chanced upon a well-known figure from the Civil War blogosphere who grimaced when I mentioned that this month marks the anniversary of Grant III’s death. I wasn’t surprised and cannot say I blame him; Grant is today best known as the first chairman of the doomed United States Civil War Centennial Commission. Many readers will know that the Civil War centennial did not proceed smoothly, coming as it did—not coincidentally—during the Civil Rights Movement. President Eisenhower signed the enabling paperwork creating the Centennial Commission in 1957, the same year that Little Rock High School was desegregated. Grant turned seventy-six the year he assumed the chairmanship of the organization he led for the next four tumultuous years. His reputation, for all he had done over his long career, has never recovered.

Writing in his 2012 book American Oracle David Blight offers a scathing indictment of Grant as “a staunchly conservative superpatriot and racist.” When one looks at U.S. Grant III’s life from a certain perspective it is difficult to argue with Blight’s assessment and I won’t defend Grant or his record in their entirety here. That said, a more charitable interpretation might be that Grant, born in 1881, reflected the views and attitudes of most white Americans born in his era. He toiled for decades in a U.S. Army officered with the sons and grandsons of many of the men who had once fought against his grandfather. Who among us can say with certainty what we would have done had we lived in another place and time?

After the Great War and Versailles Peace Conference Grant held numerous military posts in the 1920s, oversaw part of the Civil Conservation Corps in the early years of the Franklin Roosevelt Administration, and quietly prepared for war with other officers of the Second Corps Area on Governors Island in the late 1930s while Germany and Japan rattled their sabers. Too old for combat service when Pearl Harbor finally came, he coordinated civil defense for the continental United States during the Second World War. Grant’s aptitude as a civil engineer and apparent interest in urban planning led him over this long career to many other positions, including a stint after World War II as a member of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission in Washington D.C. and president of the American Planning and Civic Association.

All of these accomplishments were in the end tarnished by that 1957-61 stint as Centennial Commission chairman. Had Grant and his allies had their way, the Civil War centennial would have been filled with Civil War rrenactments emphasizing the courage  and fighting spirit of Union and Confederate men and officers while studiously avoiding the war’s causes, consequences and unfinished business. The controversies are too detailed to go into here. Things began escalating however until in 1961 New Jersey officials publicly called on Grant to resign. There was pressure from other quarters as well. Grant held on for several months until eventually submitting his resignation to President Kennedy in September 1961. The pretense was his wife Edith Root Grant’s health and indeed Mrs. Root had been ailing for some time, confined now to the family summer house in Clinton, New York for many months as her health deteriorated. General Grant was sincere in his concern for his wife, but the public pressure regarding the Centennial Commission was intense and growing. Mrs. Grant died in 1962 and her widower husband carried on for six more years.

President and Bess Truman with Ulysses S. Grant III (far right), Admiral William Leahy (third from left) and others at the Lincoln Memorial, February 12, 1948.

His grandfather, General and President Ulysses S. Grant, in a very real sense had died at the right time in 1885; with the war over for two decades, Americans, especially white Americans, were eager to move on. Reconstruction had ended eight years previously and General Grant’s funeral was the reconciliationist event that organizer Winfield Scott Hancock, the 60,000 marchers, hundreds of thousands of attendees, and millions of other Americans had wanted it to be. President Grant, try though he did, was unable to heal the nation’s wounds during his administration; the intransigence he faced was just too great. Ironically it was the failures of Grant and the country that contributed to his grandson’s resignation nearly a century later.

Ulysses S. Grant too died during a decisive moment in American history. His passing came on the third day of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, when the party met in the tense August heat of Chicago. With the Vietnam War going poorly and after the many assassinations and riots that had already taken place that year, civil unrest was almost inevitable. We still face the fallout from those tragic days. Much of the worst of it came on August 28, when police and protesters clashed in a violent conflict broadcast on network television and watched live by tens of millions people. Ulysses S. Grant III died at the family home in Clinton, New York the following day.

(images/top, Library of Congress; bottom, National Archives)

Baptized by Fire, redux

21 Thursday Jul 2016

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Civil War sesquicentennial, National Park Service

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Incredibly I first posted this five years ago today. I remember being in DC, though not Manassas, that Thursday in 2011. The heat index was in the 120s but they still managed to get a sizable crowd for the 150th anniversary of First Bull Run. We were following it online. The sesquicentennial itself. is already receding into memory.

(Kurz & Allison; Library of Congress)

I am writing this from Washington, DC.  Today marks the 150th anniversary of the First Battle of Bull Run, which took place only about thirty miles down the road.  It was not until I began visiting DC regularly a few years ago that I realized just how close to the capital the Civil War occurred.  Fifty years ago today New York State made some history of its own when it donated one hundred and twenty six acres of Virginia countryside to the federal government.

The monument to the Fourteenth Brooklyn was rededicated on July 21, 1961.  Thankfully it today lies within park boundaries.  (photo by William Fleitz, NPS)

In 1905 and 1906 the New State legislature authorized the purchase of six acres of land for the construction of monuments for the 14th Brooklyn (later renamed the 84th New York), the 5th New York (Duryee’s Zouaves), and the 10th New York (National Zouaves).  Each regiment was granted $1,500, which was the standard rate for such projects at the time.  (The monuments for the latter two regiments were in recognition of those units’ actions during Second Bull Run.)  The three monuments were dedicated together on October 20, 1906, with scores of veterans taking the train from New York City and elsewhere in a pounding rain.

Fast forward to the early 1950s, when New York State officials prepared to give the six acres to the Manassas National Battlefield Park.  The deal became complicated, however, when the legislative Committee to Study Historical Sites realized that encroaching development threatened to cut the three monuments off from the rest of the battlefield.  Chairman L. Judson Morhouse advised the state to buy an additional one hundred and twenty acres to ensure that the Empire State’s units would fall within the parkland.  The state agreed and purchased the acreage in 1952.  Later in the decade the New York State Civil War Centennial Commission, Bruce Catton Chairman, proposed to transfer the land to the Park Service during the 100th anniversary of First Manassas in 1961.  Not surprisingly, the NPS was amenable to this and so fifty years today Brigadier General Charles G. Stevenson, Adjutant General of New York, handed over the deed to Manassas superintendent Francis F. Wilshin.

German-born Corporal Ferdinand Zellinsky of the 14th now rests in Brooklyn’s Green-Wood Cemetery.

Documenting Cadman Plaza

17 Sunday Jan 2016

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Monuments and Statuary, New York City, Theodore Roosevelt Jr (President)

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Friday morning I was out and about taking photographs in Brooklyn’s Cadman Plaza for a class I will be co-teaching this coming spring semester. This is the first for-credit class I will be teaching and I am nervous and invigorated at the same time. Over the semester the students will be documenting a New York City locale; after some discussion my colleague and I chose Cadman Plaza. It is rife with interpretive possibilities. I have always known a fair amount about the area and am now boning up to bring myself up to full speed. I will talk about it here and there over the course of the term.

Brenner's plaque on the northern face of Brooklyn's Borough Hall

Brenner’s plaque on the northern face of Brooklyn’s Borough Hall

Here are two of the approximately twenty images I took the other day. This first one in on the north-facing wall of Borough Hall. It is hard to make out–my little phone camera will only do so much–but it is the Lincoln penny along with the full Gettysburg Address. When I first saw the tablet the other day–and I walked past it for years without ever noticing it–I figured the plaque was placed in either 1909 (centennial of Lincoln’s birth) or 1963 (centennial of the Gettysburg Address). With a little digging I learned via the Catalogue of the Works of Art Belonging to the City of New York, Volume 1 that the City of New York commissioned the 22″ x 28″ tablet from artist Victor D. Brenner for dedication in 1909. That is the year the Lincoln penny made its debut as well.

Communities large and small erected such works throughout that year to commemorate Lincoln’s 100th. President Roosevelt had commissioned Brenner to design the Lincoln penny a few years previously. Of course Roosevelt’s father was an acquaintance of Lincoln’s and a good friend of his personal secretary John Hay. Roosevelt always had an interest in coinage and medallic arts; TR was a good friend and patron of Augustus Saint-Gaudens as well. Downtown Brooklyn was doing poorly in these years, in large part due to the elevated train line that blighted the neighborhood and the new subway line that took commercial and residential traffic to other parts of the borough. Urban renewal efforts were in the works, but the onset of the Great War brought those plans to an end. I would go further into the story here, but that’s for the students to do this winter. I’m eager to see how the class goes.

The plaque and hall from a distance. The tablet is in the lower left corner above the white car.

The plaque and hall from a distance. The tablet is in the lower left corner above the white car.

The First World War’s 50th anniversary

20 Saturday Jun 2015

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Civil War sesquicentennial, Great War centennial, Memory

≈ 4 Comments

Smoke rises visibly above the U.S. Capitol on 8 April in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Smoke rises visibly above the U.S. Capitol on 8 April 1968 in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

I was at a history-related gathering earlier this week, present at which was a representative of a New York-based military heritage organization. This gentleman was in his seventies and had obviously been involved in his organization’s activities for many years, if not decades. What struck me was that as he was discussing his group’s plans for the WW1 centennial in 2017-18 he made reference to the 1960s. Specifically he was explaining what a tough sell the Great War was at the time given the events of the period. One can imagine that it was.

Those who followed the Civil War sesquicentennial are aware that the 150th was a conscious effort to correct the failures of the centennial. The pageant that such organizers as Ulysses S. Grant III envisioned quickly collided with the realities of the Civil Rights Movement. Instead of a Cold War celebration of national strength and unity, it all turned into a convoluted mess. And for good reason. The same thing happened, in a slightly different way, for the Great War 50th. Nineteen sixty eight was the year of the Tet Offensive, the MLK Jr. and RFK assassinations, the rioting at the Democratic National Convention and so much else. The 50th anniversary of the Armistice fell obviously on November 11, 1968, less than a week after the election that put Richard Nixon in the White House.

France too was turned upside down at this time. The Events of May brought down Charles de Gaulle and nearly the Fifth Republic. What is more, in the late 1960s the French were only just grappling with the occupation–and the collaboration–they had lived through under the Germans during the Second World War, less than twenty-five years earlier. The Great War has a larger place in the memory of the French than the Americans; this is understandable given that most of the fighting on the Western Front took place in France. Given all that was taking place at the time however, I don’t know if the French had the heart to look back and commemorate the Great War. Maybe they did, finding in it some unity and solace. Again, I don’t know. It would be interesting to have a compare-and-contrast between how the Americans and the French looked back at the war through the lens of the turmoil of the late 1960s.

(image by Marion S. Trikosko / Library of Congress [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

King on the Emancipation Proclamation

22 Wednesday Jan 2014

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, New York City

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Kimg with Governor Rockefeller and Cardinal Spellman at the September 1962 dinner

Kimg with Governor Rockefeller and Cardinal Spellman at the September 1962 dinner

It is hard to believe it was almost 1 1/2 years ago that I posted about our trip to the Schomburg in Harlem to see Lincoln’s handwritten draft of the Emancipation Proclamation along with the official Preliminary EP. That and being in Gettysburg late last June have been my highlights of the sesquicentennial, so far. In that September 2012 post, I mentioned that also on display was a typewritten excerpt from a September 1962 speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. to the New York State Civil War Centennial Commission. I vividly remember seeing the many cross-outs and red ink on the King draft.

Well, incredibly, officials at the New York State Museum in Albany recently turned up an audio version of that speech that no one knew existed. Here it is, released by the museum two days ago on MLK Day:

It does not take much to understand the influence of the Civil War Centennial on the Civil Rights Movement. King was giving this speech during the desegregation crisis at Ole Miss over the enrollment of James Meredith.

In attendance at that dinner were Bruce Catton, Chairman of the Commission, and Governor Nelson Rockefeller. The New York State Commission did some good things, but unfortunately did not make it through the Centennial. The state legislature pulled the funding in 1963 and the group disbanded in March of that year. Thankfully we have now have their recording of one of their most important endeavors.

(image/New York State Archives)

The philatelic war

13 Thursday Jun 2013

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Philately

≈ 2 Comments

800px-Gettysburg_Centenial_1963-5c

The name Roy Gjertson did not mean anything to me until earlier today, after reading this U-T San Diego piece that happened across my in-box. As it turns out, the now eighty-seven year old Californian was the designer of the 1963 Gettysburg centennial stamp pictured above. It is one of the great stamps of the 1960s and not something I ever considered particularly controversial.

Along with a thousand or so other graphic artists, Gjertson entered the design competition and then waited to see what happened. He had been preparing for awhile, in particular by reading the works of Centennial doyen Bruce Catton. The stamp really works. For one thing the colors, blue and grey, are right. Inexplicably, the GAR and UCV stamps issued in 1949 and 1951, respectively, are red and grey. It is also cinemagraphic, capturing the intensity of the July 1863 fighting in dramatic fashion. The scene just . . . flows.

So why the controversy? It turns out some folks got pissed because the blue shading takes up more than half the stamp, therefore slighting the Cause. Objectors also did not like what they interpreted as Johnny Reb’s disheveled look in relation to Billy Yank’s cleaner and better accoutered appearance. Topping the imbroglio off was that the Post Office published Gjertson home address, the better for people to write for autographs. Instead, what he got was an earful from those who chose to be angry. Judging from the glint in his eye, he looks like the type who would take such controversy in stride.

(image/US Post Office)

Jackson, Mississippi: March 1961

18 Friday Jan 2013

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial

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Early reenactors

Early reenactors

The Mississippi Department of Archives and History has just digitized and cataloged a set of 36 photographs from the Jackson Civil War Centennial parade in March 1961. Click on Link to Electronic Resource on each individual record to check them out. You will be justly rewarded.

Interpret how you wish.

Interpret how you wish.

(images courtesy of Mississippi Department of Archives & History)

Different voices

23 Monday Jul 2012

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Civil War sesquicentennial, Museums

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Everyone who has been following the sesquicentennial understands that one of the primary opportunities of the 150th commemoration is the incorporation of interpretations that were not part of the Civil War narrative fifty years ago. The institutionalization of African American, Women’s, and other disciplines began in the 1960s, at the time of the centennial, and reached maturity in the past decade. It is not just the Academy. As readers of The Strawfoot know, museums throughout the United States are offering Civil War related programming right now. The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit is producing a monthly film series through 2015 that promises to be one of the most enlightening. The museum has just released episode six. Here is the first installment:

Baptized by Fire

21 Thursday Jul 2011

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial, Civil War sesquicentennial, National Park Service

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(Kurz & Allison; Library of Congress)

I am writing this from Washington, DC.  Today marks the 150th anniversary of the First Battle of Bull Run, which took place only about thirty miles down the road.  It was not until I began visiting DC regularly a few years ago that I realized just how close to the capital the Civil War occurred.  Fifty years ago today New York State made some history of its own when it donated one hundred and twenty six acres of Virginia countryside to the federal government.

The monument to the Fourteenth Brooklyn was rededicated on July 21, 1961.  Thankfully it today lies within park boundaries.  (photo by William Fleitz, NPS)

In 1905 and 1906 the New State legislature authorized the purchase of six acres of land for the construction of monuments for the 14th Brooklyn (later renamed the 84th New York), the 5th New York (Duryee’s Zouaves), and the 10th New York (National Zouaves).  Each regiment was granted $1,500, which was the standard rate for such projects at the time.  (The monuments for the latter two regiments were in recognition of those units’ actions during Second Bull Run.)  The three monuments were dedicated together on October 20, 1906, with scores of veterans taking the train from New York City and elsewhere in a pounding rain.

Fast forward to the early 1950s, when New York State officials prepared to give the six acres to the Manassas National Battlefield Park.  The deal became complicated, however, when the legislative Committee to Study Historical Sites realized that encroaching development threatened to cut the three monuments off from the rest of the battlefield.  Chairman L. Judson Morhouse advised the state to buy an additional one hundred and twenty acres to ensure that the Empire State’s units would fall within the parkland.  The state agreed and purchased the acreage in 1952.  Later in the decade the New York State Civil War Centennial Commission, Bruce Catton Chairman, proposed to transfer the land to the Park Service during the 100th anniversary of First Manassas in 1961.  Not surprisingly, the NPS was amenable to this and so fifty years today Brigadier General Charles G. Stevenson, Adjutant General of New York, handed over the deed to Manassas superintendent Francis F. Wilshin.

German-born Corporal Ferdinand Zellinsky of the 14th now rests in Brooklyn’s Green-Wood Cemetery.

The Gray Nirvana

11 Friday Feb 2011

Posted by Keith Muchowski in Civil War centennial

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The war will never be over.  Let minié balls corrode, Confederate money crumble, and imitation battle flags rot.  As long as there is a tear-jerking poem to be read, a droll statue to be unveiled, a cannon ball to be unearthed, a fast buck to be made—then there will always be a Confederacy.  Grant, Sheridan, Sherman—they could whip Marse Robert Lee and Retreating Joe Johnston.  But they will never whip that long gray line of genealogists, antique dealers, historians, promoters, and roundtable buffs—marching to the Gray Nirvana.

Hey everybody,

The above is from a little gem of a book I read today, Will Success Spoil Jeff Davis?: The Last Book about the Civil War, by T. Lawrence Connelly.  Published in 1963, the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg among other important events, the book is a gentle—sometimes not-so-gentle—spoof of the Civil War Centennial.

Thomas Connelly was uniquely positioned to satirize the war and the mythology surrounding it; at the time of the book’s publication he was chair of the History department at Presbyterian College in fire-eating South Carolina.  Today Professor Connelly is justly renowned as author of The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society, his 1977 book examining the hagiography of the Confederate general.

In Jeff Davis Connelly recounts the efforts of the Sobbing Sisters of the Southern Secession—or S.S. for short—to tell their version of the War Between the States.  He also urges us to check out the mechanical Abraham Lincoln (Insert a quarter and Abe splits a rail; Insert a dollar and he saves the Union) on our next Civil War road trip.  I’m going to look for it the next time I’m on Steinwehr Avenue.

Re-enactors, souvenir hucksters, and Lost Causers aren’t the only ones who come in for the ribbing that they deserve though.  One of the book’s many high points is when the constipated professor from the State College drones on and on from his latest paper, “Symbolism and Poetic Imagery in Confederate Field Battle Reports” at a public event. Then there are the (fictitious) dissertations:

“Saddle Soap Usage in Southwestern Virginia, 1861-1865” and

“Confederate Hymn Book Production in East Mississippi.”

Apparently portentous prose and over-specialization are not unique to the modern academy.

Equally important as the text are the illustrations by Campbell Grant.  I may be mistaken, but I believe this is the same Campbell Grant who worked for Disney and illustrated Fantasia, Snow White, Pinocchio, and other classics for the studio.

Alas, Jeff Davis is out of print.  Being the good librarian I am, I interlibrary loaned a copy from another school.  It would seem that republishing this knowing little tome, perhaps in a 50th anniversary edition with a new introduction by one of today’s historians, would be an opportunity for some small press focusing on Civil War titles.  Until then, thankfully, you can get it here:

Thanks for checking in.

Keith

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